These images may be supplemented with oblique and coned-down views to better visualize an area, and occasionally lateral flexion and extension views are requested to document spine motion and stability. Following a thorough history and physical examination, anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs often are the first radiologic consultation to be requested to evaluate the symptomatic region of the spine. When patients do seek medical care for back pain, radiologic imaging is frequently overutilized. Occupational-related back injuries are not uncommon and other common etiologies of back pain are listed in Table 9.1. Most people recover from their back pain with little or no medical care. The pelvis articulates with the sacrum on each side, supports many soft tissue structures, articulates with the femurs, and is the proximal attachment for many muscles involved in locomotion.īack pain is a problem for the majority of patients at some time in their lives.

The spine consists of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral divisions composed of bones, joints, ligaments, muscular attachments, and nerves. It is the main structural support for the body and, as a result, is subjected to many stresses. The axial skeleton consists of the skull (which is covered separately), the spine, and the pelvis. Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriasis, and Reiter Syndrome (Reactive Arthritis)

X ray cervical spine